Introduction of Philosophy

दर्शन  और दर्शन के सम्प्रदाय 

(Philosophy and school of philosophy)

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality,existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, andlanguage. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. In more casual speech the "philosophy" of a particular person can refer to the beliefs held by that person.

Man is always curious to know:-

• his origin, 
• his aim, 
• his relationship with god, 
• his destiny etc. & 
• this constant effort of man to understand reality may be  termed as philosophy. 

It is an attempt to unfold life‟s mysteries and find meaning in them. Hence it is called the Mother of all Arts and the Science of all Sciences.

PHILOSOPHY (Greek origin) :- Philos (Love)+ Sophia (Wisdom)

i.e. Philosophy = love for wisdom.

DARSHAN दर्शन  (Sanskrit origin ):- drish ( दृश ) = to see देखना 

i.e. Darshan = knowledge of reality.

Nature of philosophy:

1) Philosophy is systematic enquiry about the ultimate reality of the universe.
2) Philosophy is study of general principles & understanding of all that comes
in the range of human experience.

Educational Implications

1) Purpose of schooling:
Promotes spiritual & intellectual development; Produce competent & self-actualized adults who become useful citizens of the state. 

2) Curriculum:
Stresses the eternal ideas of the past (great works of literature, philosophy,
politics, history & the art) Preferred methods of instruction: lecture, discussion,
reflection & the socratic method (dialogue)

3) Nature of Learner:

 Every student has a mind, soul, and spirit capable of
emulating the Absolute Mind, absorbing ideas from books & teachers.

4) Role of teacher:
Role model with logical thinking & reasoning; Authority with extensive
knowledge about the great books

Branches of Philosophy

1 Epistemology{ज्ञान मीमांसा }
2 Metaphysics{तत्व मीमांसा }
3 Ethics / axiology{मूल्य मीमांसा }

4 Logic{तर्क शास्त्र }

School of Philosophy

• Idealism(आदर्शवाद )
• Naturalism(प्रकृतिवाद )
• Pragmatism(प्रयोजनवाद )
• Realism(यथार्थवाद )
• Existentialism (अस्तित्ववाद )
• Marxism (मार्क्सवाद )
• logical positivism (तार्किक प्रत्ययवाद )